Monitoring device for at least one ignition circuit for a personal protection means for a vehicle, and method for operating a monitoring device

ABSTRACT

A monitoring device for an ignition circuit for a personal protection device for a vehicle. The ignition circuit activates the personal protection device when an ignition voltage is present that exceeds a voltage threshold value and/or an ignition current is present that exceeds a current threshold value. The monitoring device has a control device and a voltage source connected via a voltage source terminal of the control device. The control device is connected via a high-side ignition circuit terminal to a first supply terminal of the ignition circuit and via a low-side ignition circuit terminal to a second supply terminal of the ignition circuit. The monitoring device is fashioned such that a no-load voltage of a high-side current source of the control device situated between the voltage source terminal and the high-side ignition circuit terminal corresponds at least to the voltage threshold value.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a monitoring device for at least oneignition circuit for a personal protection device for a vehicle, to acorresponding method for operating a monitoring device, to acorresponding control device, and to a corresponding computer program.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Occupant protection systems have an ignition circuit system that has atleast one ignition circuit for activating a restraint device. Today'signition circuit monitoring is made up of shunt detection at the supplyterminals of the ignition circuit, and a resistance measurement of theignition circuit loop. In addition, a coupling test is implemented inorder to recognize whether an ignition circuit is coupled to anotherignition circuit or to other inputs/outputs of control devices.

An object of the present invention is to further improve the existingart, and to integrate it in the ignition circuit or system ASICs in amanner that uses less space.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides a monitoring device for at least oneignition circuit for a personal protection device for a vehicle, as wellas a method for operating the monitoring device that uses the monitoringdevice for at least one ignition circuit for a personal protectiondevice for a vehicle, to a corresponding control device that uses themethod, and, finally, to a corresponding computer program. Advantageousembodiments are described herein.

Through at least one current source having a no-load voltage equal to orgreater than a real maximum ignition voltage, in an overall voltagerange of an ignition circuit activation errors can be recognized thatfirst occur when a relevant voltage threshold is exceeded, such ascontact oxides, vehicle voltages coupled via diodes, or protectionelements.

A monitoring device is provided for at least one ignition circuit for apersonal protection device for a vehicle, the at least one ignitioncircuit being fashioned to activate the personal protection device whenan ignition voltage is present that exceeds a voltage threshold value,and/or an ignition current is present that exceeds a current thresholdvalue, the monitoring device having a control device and a voltagesource connected via a voltage source terminal of the control device,the control device being connected to a first supply terminal of theignition circuit via a high-side ignition circuit terminal, and beingconnected to a second supply terminal of the ignition circuit via alow-side ignition circuit terminal, characterized in that the monitoringdevice is fashioned such that a no-load voltage of a high-side voltagesource of the control device, situated between the voltage sourceterminal and the high-side ignition circuit terminal, corresponds atleast to the voltage threshold value, and in particular that the no-loadvoltage corresponds at least to a maximum ignition voltage of theignition circuit.

A vehicle can have a personal protection device such as an airbag or asafety belt. The personal protection device can be activated via anignition circuit. In the ignition circuit, an ignition tablet can beactivated or ignited when an applied power is present that exceeds aspecified threshold value. The monitoring device can be realized as anintegrated electric circuit, or as a so-called system ASIC. The controldevice of the monitoring device can be realized as an integratedelectric circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit, or as aso-called system ASIC. Thus, the monitoring device can be understood asan ignition circuit monitoring unit or as an expanded ignition circuitmonitoring unit. The voltage source terminal, a voltage sink terminal,the high-side ignition circuit terminal, and the low-side ignitioncircuit terminal can be understood as terminals, terminal pins, ASICpins, or interfaces of the monitoring device or of the control device.The voltage source can be understood as an energy reserve or as apolarity reversal-protected energy reserve voltage. The voltage sourcecan be fed from an on-board electrical network of the vehicle. Thevoltage source can provide a voltage of at least 24 V, in particular atleast 30 V, in particular at least 42 V. The voltage source can providea voltage in a range from 24 V to 42 V. The ignition circuit has a firstsupply terminal and a second supply terminal. The first supply terminalcan be understood as an ignition circuit terminal, a ZK1+ terminal, anignition circuit plus terminal, or an ignition circuit plus controldevice terminal. The second supply terminal can be understood as anignition circuit terminal, a ZK1− terminal, an ignition circuit minusterminal, or an ignition circuit minus control device terminal. Ahigh-side multiplexer can be situated between the high-side ignitioncircuit terminal and the high-side current source.

It is also advantageous if the no-load voltage of the high-side currentsource is at least 26 V, in particular at least 30 V, in particular atleast 36 V, in particular at least 42 V. Thus, the voltage between thehigh-side ignition circuit terminal and the low-side ignition circuitterminal can be at least 26 V, in particular at least 30 V, inparticular at least 36 V, in particular at least 42 V. Advantageously, acontact connection that has become impaired by oxide layers in theignition circuit can be improved, because an oxide breakdown can beenabled.

The monitoring device can have a current source control device that isfashioned to control a temporal course of a current rise of thehigh-side current source during the transition from a first currentlevel to a second current level, corresponding to a predefinedtransition shape. The current source control device can be understood asa first current source control device or a high-side current sourcecontrol device. In particular, the current source control device cancontrol the temporal course of the current rise corresponding to atransition shape having a curve of a “raised cosine.” In this way, anedge shaping of the measurement current impulse can easily take place.In this way, the temporal course of the current rise corresponding to araised cosine filter, also referred to as a cosine rolloff filter, canbe used to shape the measurement current. Thus, the temporal course ofthe current rise can meet the first Nyquist condition. Advantageously, aradiation or an EMV characteristic of the monitoring device can beimproved by the stepped increasing of the measurement current.

In addition, the monitoring device can have a filter device forfiltering at least one measurement voltage (in particular between thehigh-side ignition circuit terminal and the low-side ignition circuitterminal). In particular, the filter device can include at least onelow-pass filter. In this way, measurement imprecision, for example dueto switching processes and/or charging of capacitors or inductors of thedevice, can be avoided, or its effect can be reduced.

The monitoring device can include an analog-digital converter that isconnected to an instrument amplifier via an ADC multiplexer. Theanalog-digital converter can be used with the ADC multiplexer to measurea voltage over a low-pass filter between the high-side ignition circuitterminal and the low-side ignition circuit terminal for the at least oneignition circuit, and between an ignition circuit amplifier terminal andanalog ground terminal, or between an offset terminal and the analogground terminal.

A current limiting resistor can be situated between the voltage sourceand the voltage source terminal. A current limiting resistor can besituated between the ground terminal and a voltage sink terminal. Thecurrent limiting resistors can be situated externally to the controldevice. In this way, security against errors of the monitoring devicecan advantageously be improved.

The monitoring device can in addition have a switchable high-sideterminating resistor, and, in addition or alternatively, a switchablelow-side terminating resistor. In particular, the switchable high-sideterminating resistor can be situated between an output of a high-sidemultiplexer connected to the high-side current source and the voltagesink terminal, and, in addition or alternatively, the switchablelow-side terminating resistor can be situated between an output of alow-side multiplexer connected to the low-side ignition circuit terminaland the voltage sink terminal. Advantageously, the precision of themeasurement can be improved if the terminating resistors aredisconnected during the measurement. In this way, an offset of themonitoring device can be determined or compensated through a resistorreference measurement to ground.

The monitoring device can in addition have a switchable high-sidevoltage divider and, in addition or alternatively, a switchable low-sidevoltage divider. In particular, the switchable high-side voltage dividercan be situated between an output of a high-side multiplexer connectedto the high-side current source and an ADC multiplexer connected to ananalog-digital converter, and, in addition or alternatively, theswitchable low-side voltage divider can be situated between an output ofa low-side multiplexer connected to the low-side ignition circuitterminal and the ADC multiplexer. In this way, a calibration of themonitoring device can take place using technically simple means.

An example method in accordance with the present invention for operatinga variant of a monitoring device is provided, the method having at leastthe following steps:

connection of the high-side ignition circuit terminal to the high-sidecurrent source, and connection of the low-side ignition circuit terminalto a voltage sink terminal;

activation of the high-side current source;

determining a difference voltage signal between the high-side ignitioncircuit terminal and the low-side ignition circuit terminal; and

ascertaining an ignition circuit resistance using the difference voltagesignal.

An object of the present invention can also be achieved quickly andefficiently by this variant embodiment of the present invention in theform of a method.

Present invention also provides a control device that is fashioned tocarry out, control, or realize the steps of a variant of a methodpresented here in corresponding devices. The underlying object of thepresent invention can also be achieved quickly and efficiently by thisvariant embodiment of the present invention in the form of a controldevice. The control device can be a part of the control device describedabove, or can be connected thereto.

A control device can be understood in the present context as anelectrical device that processes sensor signals and, as a functionthereof, outputs control signals and/or data signals. The control devicecan have an interface that can be fashioned as hardware and/or assoftware. In the case of a realization as hardware, the interfaces canfor example be part of a so-called system ASIC that contains a widevariety of functions of the control device. However, it is also possiblefor the interfaces to be separate integrated circuits, or to be made upat least partly of discrete components. In the case of a realization assoftware, the interfaces can be software modules present alongside othersoftware modules on a microcontroller.

Also advantageous is a computer program product or computer programhaving program code that can be stored on a machine-readable bearer orstorage medium such as a semiconductor memory, a hard drive, or anoptical memory, and that is used for the execution, realization, and/orcontrolling of the steps of the method according to one of the specificembodiments described above, in particular when the program product orprogram is executed on a computer or on a device.

In other words, current sources having no-load voltages equal to orgreater than the real maximum ignition voltages can be used in order torecognize, in the entire voltage range of an ignition circuitactivation, all error types that would first become recognizable when arelevant voltage threshold was exceeded, or contact oxides, vehiclevoltages coupled via diodes, protection elements, etc. Advantageously,relevant control device-external shunts on the ignition circuits can berecognized, and thus control device-internal errors can be avoided whenchecking the ignition circuit output stages. An exchanging of a controldevice due to an external error can be avoided. In addition, oxidizedcontacts in the shunt can be recognized, and thus failure in the case ofactivation can be avoided. Errors in the ignition circuit measurement,and unreliable ignition in the case of activation due to oxidizedcontacts in the ignition loop, can be avoided. Short circuits todecoupled (diode) voltages, which could cause failure in the case ofactivation, can be recognized.

A radiation of the monitoring device can be improved by a flank shaping(raised cosine) of the measurement current pulse. The radiation can beimproved by a stepwise increase of the measurement current.Advantageously, a resistance to interference can be increased by acentral filtering of the measurement voltages. Advantageously, thesecurity of the ignition circuit measurement against errors of its ownmeasurement device, and subsequent false triggering, can be improved byan ASIC-external current limiting at the high side and low side withintegrated monitoring. The precision of the ignition circuit resistancemeasurement can be improved by disconnecting terminating resistances ordividers at the ignition circuits during the measurement. Likewise,through the additional use of a resistance reference measurement toground, the offset in the measurement device can be compensated. Byincluding an ignition circuit printed conductor (go and return line)equivalent to the connection of the ASIC ignition circuits to the deviceplug on the circuit board in the fine calibration of the ASIC resistancemeasurement, the precision can be compensated despite the high-ohmicconnection of the ignition circuits with narrow (100 to 200 μm wide)printed conductors in the inner layers of more compact designs.

The present invention is explained in detail below on the basis of thefigures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 through 4 each show a simplified circuit diagram of an ignitioncircuit monitoring system according to an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a vehicle having a personalprotection device and a monitoring device according to an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows a flow diagram of a method according to an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

In the description below of advantageous exemplary embodiments of thepresent invention, identical or similar reference characters are usedfor the elements shown in the various Figures having similar function,and repeated description of these elements is omitted.

FIG. 1 shows a simplified circuit plan of a monitoring device 100according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.Monitoring device 100 is a monitoring device 100 for an ignition circuit102 for a personal protection device for a vehicle, thus also referredto hereinafter as ignition circuit monitoring. FIG. 1 shows theschematic design of an ignition circuit resistance measurement systemfor an individual ignition circuit 102 as an integrated solution of anairbag ignition circuit ASIC or airbag system ASIC. Ignition circuit 102is fashioned to activate the personal protection device when an ignitionvoltage is present that exceeds a voltage threshold value and when anignition current is present that exceeds a current threshold value,i.e., when an ignition power is present that exceeds a power thresholdvalue.

Monitoring device 100 includes at least one control device 104 and avoltage source 106 connected via a voltage source terminal VH_lim ofcontrol device 104. The control device has at least voltage sourceterminal VH_lim, a high-side ignition circuit terminal IGH1, a low-sideignition circuit terminal IGL1, an ignition circuit amplifier terminalZKV, an offset terminal ZKO, an analog ground terminal AGND, and adigital ground terminal DGND as interfaces. Control device 104 isconnected via high-side ignition circuit terminal IGH1 to a first supplyterminal ZK1+ of ignition circuit 102 and is connected via low-sideignition circuit terminal IGL1 to a second supply terminal ZK1− ofignition circuit 102.

As part of control device 104, a high-side current source IH is situatedbetween the voltage source terminal VH_lim and high-side ignitioncircuit terminal IGH1. Here, a no-load voltage of high-side voltagesource IH corresponds to at least the voltage threshold value. In anadvantageous exemplary embodiment, the no-load voltage of high-sidevoltage source IH corresponds to at least a maximum ignition voltage ofthe ignition circuit.

Ignition circuit 102 that is to be measured has a first supply terminalZK1+ and a second supply terminal ZK1−. These are connected, via controldevice printed conductors, to the corresponding high-side ignitioncircuit terminal IGH1 and low-side ignition circuit terminal IGL1 ofcontrol device 104. Besides a previously known (control device 102)internal ignition circuit reference resistor ZKR, which is connected tothe ignition circuit amplifier terminal ZKV (ASIC pin ZKV) to ground forthe automatic fine calibration of the linear measurement current sourcetolerance of current sink IL and for the amplification of themeasurement channel (instrument amplifier), additional offset terminalZKO (ASIC pin ZKO) is directly connected to the control device ground inorder to avoid offset errors of the instrument amplifier.

High-side current source IH is supplied via current-limited voltagesource terminal VH_lim. Current-limited voltage source terminal VH_limis also designated as terminal for high-side current source IH. Forcurrent limiting, a current limiting resistor RH_lim, external to thecontrol device, or ASIC-external resistor RH_lim, is connected to thehighest airbag voltage VER of energy reserve 106. This resistor limitsthe current from airbag voltage VER via a defective high-side currentsource IH against a shunt, in particular at ignition circuit 102.

Voltage VER is the charge voltage of the energy reserve, from which, inthe case of ignition, via an ASIC-external safety semiconductor (e.g.,switching transistor) the energy is provided for activating one or moreignition circuits via high-side and low-side output stages (not shown inFIG. 1) per ignition circuit (generally, components of the system ASIC).High-side output stage 1 is connected to IGH1, and low-side output stage1 is connected to IGL1.

A current sink IL is connected via voltage sink terminal VL_lim tocontrol device ground terminal Steuergerät-GND via an ASIC-externalresistor RL_lim. This resistor limits the current caused by a shunt atignition circuit 102 against a positive vehicle voltage in the case of adefective current sink IL. The temporal course of the current rise inthe transition from a first current level to a second current level ofhigh-side current source ICH is specified as a raised cosine shape by acurrent source control device Pulsformer_H. The setting of themeasurement current can take place in small steps using for example an8-bit-wide current programming.

A high-side multiplexer IH-MUX connects high-side current source IH tohigh-side ignition circuit terminal IGH1 for the resistance measurementin ignition circuit 102, and to ignition circuit amplifier terminal ZKV,as well as to offset terminal ZKO, for calibrating the measurementdevice. A low-side multiplexer IL-MUX connects current source (currentsink) IL to low-side ignition circuit terminal IGL1 for the resistancemeasurement in ignition circuit 102, and to analog ground terminal AGNDfor calibrating the measurement device.

A first ignition circuit capacitor CH1, connected to ground, is coupledto the connection between high-side ignition circuit terminal IGH1 andfirst supply terminal ZK1+. A second ignition circuit capacitor CL1,connected to ground, is coupled to the connection between low-sideignition circuit terminal IGL1 and second supply terminal ZK1−.

An IH-MUX output of high-side multiplexer IH-MUX can be connected tovoltage sink terminal VL_lim via a switchable terminating resistor RHT(5 kiloohm . . . 20 kiloohm). In this way, charges coupled in before theignition circuit measurement are discharged to ignition circuitcapacitors CH1/CL1. A measurement error caused by the increasedtolerance of integrated resistors that are not calibrated is remedied bydisconnecting switchable terminating resistor RHT using switch ST_H.

An IL-MUX output of low-side multiplexer IL-MUX can be connected tovoltage sink terminal VL_lim via a switchable terminating resistor RLT(5 kiloohm . . . 20 kiloohm). In this way, charges coupled in before theignition circuit measurement can be discharged to ignition circuitcapacitors CL1/CH1. A measurement error caused by the increasedtolerance of integrated resistors that are not calibrated is remedied bydisconnecting switchable terminating resistor RLT using switch ST_L.

For the digitization of the measurement voltages, an analog-digitalconverter ADC is provided that, via an ADC multiplexer ADC_MUX, acquiresthe various voltages, in particular the voltages of an instrumentamplifier 108, for measuring the voltage between high-side ignitioncircuit terminal IGH1 and low-side ignition circuit terminal IGL1− forignition circuit 102, and between ignition circuit amplifier terminalZKV and analog ground terminal AGND, or between offset terminal ZKO andanalog ground terminal AGND for the fine calibration of amplificationand OFFSET via a low-pass filter TP-FILTER.

In an exemplary embodiment, instrument amplifier 108 includes a low-passfilter. In a variant, instrument amplifier 108 includes at least threeoperational amplifiers.

To determine the integrity of current limiting resistors RH_lim andRL_lim, the voltages present at voltage source terminal VH_lim and atvoltage sink terminal VL_lim are connected to ADC multiplexer ADC_MUXvia voltage divider Teiler_VH, or integrated protection resistor R_VL.

Shown are ground terminals of control device 102, which as a rule aremade up of one or more digital ground terminals DGND and one or moreanalog ground terminals AGND. Not shown is a clock input for the digitalstate machines. Not shown are the supply voltages of the ASIC assembliesthat may be required, depending on the ASIC process.

Also shown are the voltage dividers, which can be disconnected,Teiler_H, Teiler_I, for acquiring the voltage level at first supplyterminal ZK1+ to ground, or second supply terminal ZK1− to voltage sinkterminal VL_lim for low-side current sink IL (limited reference ground).Also shown are important known blocks such as reference currentproduction (for example for the current sources), reference voltageproduction (for example for analog-digital converter ADC), and ASICtemperature acquisition for compensating temperature effects.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, control device 104 includesa control device 110, also designated digital block 110 hereinafter.Control device 110 provides a semiautomatic ignition circuit measurementcontrolling, measurement value processing, and error recognition. Atleast one measurement entry, a measurement result, and a programming ofthe method steps to be carried out can be stored in a region of controldevice 110. Here, in an exemplary embodiment control device 110 can beconnected via an SPI bus to a microcontroller μC external to controldevice 110, or control device microcontroller ECU-μC, in order toreceive measurement tasks therefrom and to transmit measurement resultsthereto.

Shown is the overall digital block 110, which has an interface to acontrol device-internal microcontroller μC. Digital block 110, ordigital block 110 together with microcontroller μC, is also designatedcontrol device 110, ASIC controlling 110, or ASIC measurement valueprocessing 110. After the initial programming, this carries out theignition circuit measurement automatically.

In an exemplary embodiment, a cycle of an ignition circuit resistancemeasurement at ignition circuit 102 or ZK1 is as follows:

-   -   Terminating resistor RHT is connected to control device ground        terminal ECU-GND via switch ST_H.    -   Terminating resistor RLT is connected to control device ground        terminal ECU-GND via switch ST_L.    -   There then follows a waiting time of for example 5 ms.    -   ASIC controlling 110 sets multiplexer IH-MUX at high-side        ignition circuit terminal IGH1.    -   ASIC controlling 110 sets multiplexer IL-MUX at low-side        ignition circuit terminal IGL1.    -   ASIC controlling 110 sets multiplexer ADC-MUX at instrument        amplifier 108.    -   Current sink IL is activated and is programmed for a current        limiting to voltage sink terminal VL_lim of 60 mA.    -   High-side current source IH is activated and the current is        increased in steps with a raised cosine edge, in for example 10        steps of for example 5 mA, to 50 mA.    -   The step width is for example 100 μs.    -   After reaching the final measurement current strength of 50 mA,        terminating resistors RHT, RLT are disconnected by switches        ST_H, ST_L.    -   Voltage divider Teiler_H and voltage divider Teiler_L are        disconnected from the limited reference ground, or voltage sink        terminal VL_lim.    -   There then follows a waiting period of for example 1 ms (as a        function of the low-pass cutoff frequency in the measurement        chain).    -   The difference voltage signal between high-side ignition circuit        terminal IGH1 and low-side ignition circuit terminal IGL1 is now        supplied to instrument amplifier 108, via low-pass filter        TP-FILTER, with a gain of for example six (that is, sixfold        amplification), and the amplified and newly low-pass-filtered        output signal is supplied to analog-digital converter ADC.    -   alog-digital converter ADC transmits the digital measurement        value to the measurement value register of ASIC measurement        value processing unit 110.

While the measurement value processing is running, the measurement ofthe next ignition circuit resistor can already be started. With theknowledge of the measurement current strength of the amplification ofinstrument amplifier 108, ASIC measurement value processing unit 110calculates the ignition circuit resistance from the analog-digitalconverter signal (ADC signal).

For Example:

ADC−measurement value=400 digits; given an ADC reference voltage of forexample 3.75 V and a 10-bit analog-digital converter ADC, this yields3.666 mV/digit. Thus, 400 digits corresponds to a voltage of 1466.4 mV.With a sixfold amplification, the voltage difference between high-sideignition circuit terminal IGH1 and low-side ignition circuit terminalIGL1 is 244.4 mV. Given a nominal measurement current of 50 mA, thisyields a resistance in the ignition circuit of n=4.888 ohms.

The measurement precision can be improved by a fine calibrationpreceding the measurement.

Fine Calibration Procedure, Step 1:

-   -   ASIC control unit 110 sets multiplexer IH-MUX at ignition        circuit amplification terminal ZKV.    -   ASIC control unit 110 sets multiplexer IL-MUX at analog ground        terminal AGND.    -   ASIC control unit 110 sets ADC multiplexer ADC-MUX at the        instrument amplifier.    -   High-side current source IH is activated and is set to the        target value, for example 50 mA.    -   Terminating resistors RHT, RLT are disconnected by switches        ST_H, ST_L.    -   Voltage dividers Teiler_H and Teiler_L are disconnected from the        limited reference ground, or voltage sink terminal VL_lim.    -   There then follows a waiting period of for example 1 ms (as a        function of the low-pass cutoff frequency in the measurement        chain).    -   The difference voltage signal between the ignition circuit        amplifier terminal ZKV and analog ground terminal AGND is now        supplied to instrument amplifier 108, via low-pass filter        TP-FILTER, with for example sixfold amplification, and the        amplified and again low-pass-filtered output signal is supplied        to analog-digital converter ADC.    -   The ADC measurement value is stored as value 1 (ADC_MW1).

ADC measurement value 1 (ADC_MW1) now represents essentially thefollowing:IH×ZKR×V+OFFSET

where IH=measurement current, approximately 50 mA; V=amplification ofthe amplification chain, approximately 6; OFFSET of the amplificationchain is approximately 20 mV; ZKR=ignition circuit reference resistance.

Fine Calibration Procedure, Step 2:

-   -   ASIC control unit 110 sets multiplexer IH-MUX at offset terminal        ZKO.    -   ASIC control unit 110 sets multiplexer IL-MUX at analog ground        terminal AGND.    -   ASIC control unit 110 sets multiplexer ADC-MUX at instrument        amplifier 108.    -   High-side current source IH is activated and is set to the        target value of for example 50 mA.    -   Terminating resistors RHT, RLT are disconnected, by switches        ST_H, ST_L, from the limited ground reference, or voltage sink        terminal VL_lim.    -   Voltage dividers Teiler_H and Teiler_L are disconnected from the        limited ground reference, or voltage sink terminal VL_lim.    -   There subsequently follows a waiting time of for example 1 ms        (as a function of the low-pass cutoff frequency in the        measurement chain).    -   The difference voltage signal between offset terminal ZKO and        analog ground terminal AGND is now supplied, via low-pass filter        TP-FILTER, to instrument amplifier 108, with for example sixfold        amplification, and the amplified and newly low-pass-filtered        output signal is supplied to analog-digital converter ADC.    -   The ADC measurement value is stored as value 2 (ADC_MW2).

ADC measurement value 2 (ADC_MW2) now represents essentially thefollowing: OFFSET (OFFSET of the amplification chain, approximately 20mV). Through mathematical operation, from the values ADC_MW1 and ADC_MW2and the known reference resistance ZKR, for example 10 ohms, thefollowing results:[ADC_MW1−ADC_MW2]/ZKR=[IH×ZKR×V+OFFSET−OFFSET]/ZKR=IH×V.

Each resistance measurement can now be finely calibrated using thenow-obtained quantities “OFFSET” and “overall amplification” IH×V. Inthe above example, the ignition circuit resistance measurement value(without calibration) is 400 digits, corresponding to 4.88 ohms.

With fine calibration parameters OFFSET=5 digits; IH×V=315 mA, therefollows: 400 digits−5 digits=395 digits; corresponds to 1448 mV. Fromthis there follows: 1448 mV/315 mA=4597 ohms.

The measurement value processing checks the result against the maximumpermissible ignition circuit resistance and against the minimumpermissible ignition circuit resistance. If the boundaries are notmaintained, the error processing unit produces an item of errorinformation for the requesting microcontroller μC. If, due to ambientinfluences, the contact connections in the ignition circuit have becomeimpaired by oxide layers, then in the present exemplary embodiment whenhigh-side current source IH is connected the field strength at thehigh-ohmic oxide layer is increased, because the no-load voltage ofhigh-side current source IH can reach approximately a voltage VER-3V,i.e. greater than 30 V (>=30 V) when there are no, or small, currentvalues, despite upstream resistor RH_lim (current limiting resistorRH_lim). The high field strength enables an oxide breakdown, and thecurrent-limited operation that is used avoids contact damages in thecurrent channel that opens. Contact errors are repaired through cyclicalrepetition of the measurement process.

For monitoring current limiting resistors RH_lim and RL_lim, for eachignition circuit resistance measurement, or for a reduced number ofthese measurements, in addition to the difference voltage measurementbetween high-side ignition circuit terminal IGH1 and low-side ignitioncircuit terminal IGL1, multiplexer ADC-MUX is also set at channelsVH_lim and VL_lim, or voltage source terminal VH_lim and voltage sinkterminal VL_lim. For the voltage at voltage source terminal VH_lim theexpected value is: VH_lim=VER−RH_lim×IH, where VER stands for the energyreserve voltage or the charge voltage of the energy reserve, RH_limstands for the high-side current limiting resistor, and IH stands forthe set current strength of high-side current source IH. For the voltageat voltage sink terminal VL_lim, the expected value is:VL_lim=RL_lim×IH, where RL_lim stands for the low-side current limitingresistor and IH stands for the set current strength of high-side currentsource IH. In the example calculation, VL_lim represents the voltage atvoltage sink terminal VL_lim. If the measurement results deviate fromthe expected value to an extent greater than the specification, then theerror processing unit produces an item of error information for therequesting microcontroller.

In the following, the reference characters of the components are alsoused for their values, i.e. voltages, currents, or resistances.

In an exemplary embodiment, the high-side current source, which feeds ameasurement current, as a rule 40 mA . . . 60 mA, to the ignitioncircuit high side in order to determine the ignition circuit resistance,is connected to the high polarity reversal-protected (diode DH) energyreserve voltage 106 (24 . . . 42 V) via an ASIC-external currentlimiting resistor RH_lim. Current limiting resistor RH_lim for thepolarity reversal-protected energy reserve voltage is dimensioned suchthat in the case of a defective (short-circuited) high-side currentsource IH in control device 104 (that is, an internal control deviceerror) and also in the case of a short circuit in the ignition circuit102 to vehicle ground (that is, an external error) an impermissibly highcurrent (for example 100 mA . . . 150 mA) cannot flow via the ignitiontablet.

Example:

At VER=33 V; VF=0.7 V; IZKmax=125 mA, there results RH_lim=32.3 V/125mA=258 ohms. Here VF is the breakdown voltage of the diode DH.

In an exemplary embodiment, low-side current sink IL is dimensioned suchthat it can always accept somewhat more current than is fed back fromhigh-side current source IH via first supply terminal ZK+ and theignition circuit to the second supply terminal to low-side current sinkIL, for example 50 mA . . . 70 mA. Here, a current limiting resistorRL_lim is to be inserted, external to the ASIC, between ground terminalGND of the control device and low-side current sink IL.

For the case of a short-circuited low-side current sink IL (i.e. aninternal control device error), the current through the ignition tabletmust remain below 100 mA . . . 150 mA even when there is a short circuitat first supply terminal CK+ to the vehicle plus (6 V . . . 16.5 V)(that is, an external error).

Example:

At VER=16.5 V; IZKmax=125 mA, there results RL_lim=16.5 V/125 mA=132ohms.

Due to the high no-load voltage of high-side current source IH, with forexample 24 V . . . 42 V, contact oxides can be loaded with significantlyhigher breakthrough field strengths than are usual today. If contactsare temporarily not conductive due to oxides, then by activation ofhigh-side current source IH at first a voltage/field strength can beapplied to the oxide layer, whereby this layer can be better brokendown. If the breakdown occurs, then due to the limited measurementcurrent the contact is further improved in its conductivity withoutoverloading the channel (repair).

External limiting resistors RH_lim, RL_lim additionally reduce the powerloss of high-side current source IH during the regular resistancemeasurement with Imess=IH=50 mA (or Imess in a range from 40 . . . 60mA) through reduction of the maximum voltage Vqmax occurring overcurrent source IH.Vqmax=VER−VF−Imess*(RH_lim+RL_lim)

e.g. 33 V−0.7 V−50 mA (258+132)Ω=12.8 V.

Imess is the ignition tablet measurement current that is produced bycurrent source IH, which produces currents of the quantity IH=Imess ifno current drains through resistors, e.g. RHT, or other leakages exist.

By monitoring voltage VH_lim or voltage VL_lim during the ignitioncircuit resistance measurement, in addition the integrity of theexternal limiting resistors can be checked.VH_lim=VER−VF−Imess×RH_lim; for example VH_lim=33 V−0.7 V−50mA×258Ω=19.4 V.VL_lim=Imess×RL_lim; for example VL_lim=132Ω×50 mA=6.6V.

Through pulse formation during activation of the high-side measurementcurrent source, a current rise is produced corresponding to the raisedcosine shape. In this way, the radiation in the vehicle from theignition circuit loop, which is up to 10 m long, is reduced. Throughstepwise increasing of the current output of measurement current sourceIH, the radiation can be further reduced.

The difference voltage between first supply terminal ZK+ and secondsupply terminal ZK− is acquired by an instrument amplifier. Thisamplifier has a very high common mode rejection, whereby the measurementof the difference voltage, caused by the measurement current at theignition tablet of typically 100 mV, between first supply terminal ZK+and second supply terminal ZK− is not falsified by the one high OFFSETvoltage (approximately 6.6 V) (caused by limiting resistor RL_lim atvoltage sink terminal VL_lim) at first supply terminal ZK+ and at secondsupply terminal ZK− to the control device ground terminal(Steuergerät-GND).

For the fine calibration of the already relatively precise measurementcurrent IH, i.e. a current of high-side current source IH (for example10%), of the relatively precise amplification V of the instrumentamplifier (3%), of the low OFFSET (10 . . . 20 MB), in addition to theknown control device-internal ignition circuit resistance ZKR (forexample 10Ω, measurement range upper limit) connected to ignitioncircuit amplifier terminal ZKV, an offset terminal ZKO connected tocontrol device ground terminal GND also makes sense. Through theseconnections, the relevant factor IH×V and the OFFSET can be finelycalibrated at the beginning of a measurement cycle of n ignitioncircuits (see also FIG. 3).

Through the incorporation of a printed conductor segment in controldevice ground terminal GND of ignition circuit reference resistor ZKRconnected to ignition circuit amplification terminal ZKV, whichcorresponds to the go and return of the ignition circuits on the circuitboard of ASIC 104 to the device plug, and also to the connection ofoffset terminal ZKO (ASIC-PINS ZKO), not directly to the control deviceground terminal (ECU-GND) but rather via a printed conductor segment,which also corresponds to the go and return of the ignition circuit onthe circuit board, the resistance of the ignition circuit connectionfrom the control device plug to the ASIC in the ignition circuitresistance measurement, which resistance becomes more and moresignificant and fluctuates due to temperature and circuit boardmanufacturing tolerances, is in addition compensated.

In an exemplary embodiment, the connection of first supply terminal ZK1+and of second supply terminal ZK1− to instrument amplifier 108 as afirst-order passive low-pass filter is carried out in order to keep awayhigh interference frequencies (fg=500 kHz . . . 1.5 MHz). Instrumentamplifier 180 itself is realized as an at least first-order activelow-pass filter (fg=1 kHz . . . 10 kHz).

High-side current source IH and low-side current source IL with externalcurrent limiting resistors RH_lim, RL_lim can also be used to determineshunts, in particular to set their interior resistances, to the extentthat current values can be set in a suitable current range withsufficiently small step width. New here is that, as is also the case inthe ignition circuit resistance measurement, the effectiveness againstcontact oxides of the shunt circuit through the provision of a potentialat the ignition circuit terminals is greater than in the case ofignition. In this way, a voltage gap in the monitoring band of theignition circuit from 0 V to above the maximum ignition circuit voltagein the case of triggering (for example 30 V) can be excluded.

In order to increase robustness against radiation, the metering ignitioncircuit 102 can be connected to ground at voltage sink terminal VL_limthrough an ASIC-internal (that is, situated inside control device 104)switchable terminating resistance. In this way, security againstignition circuit voltage errors remains ensured, and at the same timethe robustness of the measurement is improved by discharging theignition circuit loop before the measurement.

The disadvantage of the reduced measurement precision due to animprecise ASIC-internal terminating resistor is remedied bydisconnection immediately before the measurement. In order to acquireshunt internal resistances of 1 . . . 20 kiloohms, the high-side currentsource/low-side current sink are realized so as to be programmable withsmall current steps.

For example, high-side current source IH has a step width of 250 μA;8-bit programming; maximum 63.75 mA=255*250 μA. For example, low-sidecurrent sink IL has a step width of 300 μA; 8-bit programming; maximum76.5 mA=255*300 μA.

Optionally, to reduce the radiation relating to shunt measurement, thismeasurement can be carried out in such a way that in addition to ahigh-side current source IH at first supply terminal ZK+ a low-sidecurrent source IL at second supply terminal ZK− is also used. In thisway, in the shunt measurement to ground GND in the error-free state ofthe ignition circuits, currents over the ignition circuit loop forcharging the ignition circuit capacitor on the ignition circuit side areavoided to the greatest possible extent.

FIG. 2 shows a simplified circuit diagram of a monitoring device 100according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Thedepiction in FIG. 2 largely corresponds to that in FIG. 1, with thedifference of the connection to ignition circuit amplifier terminal ZKVand to offset terminal ZKO.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2, a segment of printedconductor can additionally be inserted into the ground connection ofignition circuit reference resistance ZKR, corresponding to the go andreturn of the ignition circuit on the circuit board. Likewise, theconnection of offset terminal ZKO is not to be made directly to controldevice ground terminal ECU-GND, but rather also via a segment of printedconductor that also corresponds to the go and return of ignition circuit102 on the circuit board. With this measure, the fine calibration alsoincludes the connection, which is temperature-dependent and whosethickness and/or width fluctuates, of the ignition circuit terminals tothe control device plug via (copper) printed conductors on a circuitboard. In this way, it is possible to build very compact control devicesusing minimal printed conductor widths of the ignition circuitconnection.

Conventional devices must increase the printed conductor width ofignition circuits 100 far beyond the current carrying limit in order tokeep the resistance values low enough that these fluctuations do not toostrongly falsify the ignition circuit resistance measurement. In airbagsystems having a large number of ignition circuits, this results in alarge space requirement and inadequate use of circuit board interiorlayers having small copper thicknesses.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2, an integrity test of thecurrent limiting resistor RH_lim, RL_lim can be carried out. For theinitial testing of the integrity of limiting resistance RH_lim,high-side multiplexer IH_MUX is set at offset terminal ZKO and ADCmultiplexer ADC MUX is set at voltage divider Teiler_VH. ADC measurementvalue 1 (ADC_MW1) provides a voltage at voltage source terminal VH_lim;in the error-free case, this corresponds to voltage VER-VF. High-sidevoltage source IH is then increased in steps, with a raised cosinecurrent rise, to for example 50 mA, and the voltage at voltage sourceterminal VH_lim is again acquired via the voltage divider withanalog-digital converter ADC=ADC measurement value 2, or ADC_MW2. Theexternal limiting resistance RH_lim can be tested for its permissiblelimits using the calculation (ADC_MW1−ADC_MW2)/50 mA=RH_lim.

The testing of the integrity of limiting resistance RL_lim can becarried out in the course of each resistance measurement, or in“diluted” fashion can be carried out at each n-th resistancemeasurement. For this purpose, a specific measurement current is usedthat supplies, at voltage sink terminal VL_lim, a voltage that can beacquired without a voltage divider only via a protection resistor R_VL.If, given stepwise increase, high-side current source IH reaches a valueof for example IH=10 mA, voltage sink terminal VL_lim is measured viaprotection resistor R_VL of analog-digital converter ADC as firstmeasurement value ADC_MW1. From this there results ADC_MW1/IH=RL_lim; inthis way, the external limiting resistor RL_lim can be tested for itspermissible limits.

FIG. 3 shows a simplified circuit diagram of a monitoring device 100according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Thedepiction in FIG. 3 corresponds largely to the depiction FIG. 2, amultiplicity of ignition circuits 102 being monitored. Shown are a firstignition circuit ZK1, a second ignition circuit ZK2, and a n-th ignitioncircuit ZKn, with corresponding supply terminals ZK1+, ZK1−, ZK2+, ZK2−,ZKn+, ZKn−, and the corresponding high-side ignition circuit terminalsIGH1 . . . IGHn or low-side ignition circuit terminals IGL1 . . . IGLn.

The exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 3 expands the realizations of theexemplary embodiments shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 to n ignition circuits.In FIG. 3, the relevant areas of an airbag system ASIC 102 or ignitioncircuit ASIC 102 are shown. These are intended to carry out the ignitioncircuit monitoring of n ignition circuits (ZKn). These ignition circuitseach have a first supply terminal (ZKn+) and a second supply terminal(ZK−). In addition, a control device-internal (ECU-internal) ASICterminal is provided for OFFSET calibration (offset terminal ZKo). Theknown amplification calibration takes place via ignition circuitamplification terminal ZKV via reference ignition circuit resistanceZKR.

The circuit connection at offset terminal ZKO and ignition circuitamplification terminal ZKV can take place corresponding to the exemplaryembodiments shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The resistance of the externalignition circuit loops is to be determined, and a monitoring is to becarried out. For this purpose, in addition a fine calibration is carriedout, corresponding to the statements made above, in order to determineOFFSET and overall amplification (IH×V).

High-side multiplexer IH-MUX connects high-side current source IH tohigh-side ignition circuit terminals IGH1 . . . IGHn, offset terminalZKO, ignition circuit amplification terminal ZKV and also to low-sideignition circuit terminals IGL1 . . . IGLn for the expanded shuntmeasurement when the ignition circuit is open (not shown in FIG. 3).Low-side multiplexer IL-MUX connects current sink IL to low-sideignition circuit terminals IGL1 . . . IGLn and to analog ground terminalAGND for the calibration of the measuring device and also to high-sideignition circuit terminals IGH1 . . . IGHn for expanded shuntmeasurement when the ignition circuit can is open (not shown in FIG. 3).

High-side current source IH is supplied with power via current-limitedvoltage source terminal VH_lim. For the current limiting, anASIC-external resistance RH_lim is connected in polarityreversal-protected fashion to the highest airbag voltage VER of theenergy reserve. This resistor limits the current from highest airbagvoltage VER via a defective high-side current source IH against a shuntat one of ignition circuits 1 . . . n. In the case of an ignitioncircuit short-circuit, the polarity reversal protection (diode DH) doesnot permit a reverse current to the supply plus via a high-side currentsource IH realized as a MOSFET.

Current sink IL is connected via voltage sink terminal VL_lim to controldevice ground terminal ECU-GND via ASIC-external resistor RL_lim. Thisresistor limits the current caused by a shunt at one of the ignitioncircuits 1 . . . n against the positive vehicle voltage in the case of adefective current sink. The temporal course of the current rise in thetransition from a first current level to a second current level isdetermined by current source control device Pulsformer_H and currentsource control device Pulsformer L as a raised cosine. Through thecurrent programming, for example 8 bits in width, the setting of themeasurement current can take place in small steps.

The IL-MUX output can be connected, via a switchable terminatingresistor RHT (e.g. 5 kiloohm . . . 20 kiloohm), to voltage sink terminalVL_lim. In this way, charges coupled in before the ignition circuitmeasurement can be discharged to the ignition circuit capacitors. Themeasurement error caused by the increased tolerance of integrated,uncalibrated resistances is remedied by disconnection of terminatingresistor RHT using switch ST_H.

The IL-MUX output can be connected to the voltage sink terminal VL_limvia a switchable terminating resistor RLT (e.g. 5 kiloohm . . . 20kiloohm). In this way, charges coupled in before the ignition circuitmeasurement can be discharged to the ignition circuit capacitors. Themeasurement error caused by the increased tolerance of integrated,uncalibrated resistances is remedied by disconnection of terminatingresistor RHT using switch ST_L. In addition, the IH-MUX output isconnected to an input of a passive low-pass filter TP-FILTER_H (e.g.fg=500 kHz . . . 1.5 MHz). Here, radio-frequency ignition circuitdisturbances are kept away from the plus input of the instrumentamplifier.

In addition, the IL-MUX output is connected to an input of a passivelow-pass filter TP-FILTER_L (e.g. fg=500 kHz . . . 1.5 MHz). Here,high-frequency ignition circuit interference is kept away from the minusinput of instrument amplifier 108.

The output of passive low-pass filter TP-FILTER_H is connected to theplus input of instrument amplifier 108. The output of passive low-passfilter TP-FILTER_L is connected to the minus input of instrumentamplifier 108. The output of passive low-pass filter TP-FILTER_H is inaddition connected to an input of a programmable voltage dividerTEILER_H, programmable voltage divider TEILER_H having a reference tovoltage sink terminal VL_lim, i.e. a limited ground reference. Theoutput of passive low-pass filter TP FILTER_L is in addition connectedto the input of a programmable voltage divider TEILER_L, programmablevoltage divider TEILER+L having a reference to voltage sink terminalVL_lim, i.e. a limited ground reference. Voltage dividers TEILER_H,TEILER_L adapt the measurement range of ASIC-internal analog-digitalconverter ADC of for example 0 . . . 3.75 V to the external measurementvoltage range of for example 0 . . . 42 V.

The divider outputs of voltage dividers TEILER_H, TEILER_L are connectedto inputs of ADC multiplexer ADC-MUX. Likewise, the instrument amplifieroutput is connected to an input of ADC multiplexer ADC-MUX. To determinethe integrity of limiting resistors RH_lim and RL_lim, the voltages atvoltage source terminal VH_lim and voltage sink terminal VL_lim areconnected to ADC multiplexer ADC_MUX via voltage divider Teiler_VH, orvia integrated protection resistor R_VL. Additional inputs of theanalog-digital converter, not relevant for this exemplary embodiment orthis expansion, are not shown here. Simple errors in programmabledividers Teiler_H, Teiler_L, Teiler VH are detectable, and, despitereference to control device ground terminal ECU-GND, do not result incritical currents in connected ignition circuits in the case of externalignition circuit errors to vehicle voltage, because at least twoASIC-internal resistors are configured in series.

The output of ADC multiplexer ADC-MUX is connected to the input of theanalog-digital converter. The analog-digital converter provides itsdigital voltage values to semiautomatic ignition circuit measurementcontrol unit 110 with processing and error recognition.

Semiautomatic ignition circuit measurement control unit 110 in turnreceives various measurement tasks via an interface to an ASIC-externalmicrocontroller μC. After the processing of the measurement request byignition circuit measurement control unit 110, the measurement valueprocessing, and an error evaluation, microcontroller μC receives theresult “passed” or “not passed.” Via the interface to microcontroller μCthere also takes place the programming of the measurement parameters,such as:

-   -   measurement current strength and the error limits for the        ignition circuit resistance measurement,    -   error limits for the ignition circuit resistance measurement,        such as 1 ohm for too low, and 6.5 ohms for too high,    -   error limits for the resistance measurement in the reference        ignition circuit,    -   error limits for a shunt in the reference ignition circuit,    -   the internal resistance measurement of the ignition circuit        shunts to ground, or internal resistance measurement of the        ignition circuit shunts to vehicle voltage, for example 3        kiloohms for too low,    -   the ignition circuit voltage level for recognition of shunt to        ground, or to vehicle voltage,    -   error limits for limiting resistors RL_lim; RH_lim, and voltages        VL_lim, VH_lim at the corresponding terminals voltage sink        terminal VL_lim, voltage source terminal VH_lim,    -   identification of the ignition circuits that are to be measured,    -   indications of the measurement frequency.

In an exemplary embodiment, an ignition circuit resistance measurementat an ignition circuit ZKn has the following sequence:

-   -   terminating resistor RHT is connected to voltage sink terminal        VL_lim (limited control device ground terminal ECU-GND) via        switch ST_H,    -   terminating resistor RLT is connected to voltage sink terminal        VL_lim (limited control device ground terminal ECU-GND) via        switch ST_L,    -   there subsequently follows a waiting period of for example 5 ms,    -   ASIC control unit 110 sets multiplexer IH-MUX at terminal IGHn,    -   ASIC control unit 110 sets multiplexer IL-MUX at terminal IGLn,    -   ASIC control unit 110 sets ADC multiplexer ADC-MUX at instrument        amplifier 108,    -   current sink IL is activated and is programmed for a current        limiting to voltage sink terminal VL_lim of 60 mA,    -   high-side current source IH is activated and the current is        increased in steps with a raised cosine edge, for example in 10        steps of for example 5 mA, to 50 mA,    -   the step interval is for example 100 μs,    -   after reaching the final measurement current level of 50 mA,        terminating resistors RHT, RLT are disconnected or separated        from voltage sink terminal VL_lim using switches ST_H, ST_L,    -   Teiler_H and Teiler_L are disconnected or separated from voltage        sink terminal VL_lim,    -   there then follows a waiting period of for example 1 ms (as a        function of the low-pass cutoff frequency in the measurement        chain),    -   the difference voltage signal between terminals IGHn and IGLn is        now supplied via a low-pass filter to instrument amplifier 108        with for example a sixfold amplification, and the amplified and        again low-pass filtered output signal is supplied to        analog-digital converter ADC,    -   analog-digital converter ADC transmits the digital measurement        value (ADC measurement value) into the measurement value        register of ASIC measurement value processing unit 110. While        measurement value processing 110 is running, the measurement of        the next ignition circuit resistance can already be started.    -   Using the knowledge of the measurement current strength and the        amplification of instrument amplifier 108, ASIC measurement        value processing unit 110 calculates the ignition circuit        resistance from the signal of analog-digital converter ADC.

In an exemplary embodiment, the ADC measurement value=400 digits (ADCreference voltage for example 3.75 V; 10-bit ADC yields 3.666 mV/digit).400 digits corresponds to 1466.4 mV. With sixfold amplification, thevoltage difference between IGHn and IGLn is 244.4 mV. At a nominalmeasurement current of 50 mA, there results an ignition circuitresistance n=4.888 ohm.

As described in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the measurement precision can beimproved by a fine calibration.

After the ascertaining of the ignition circuit resistance, there takesplace a test against specified limits.

FIG. 4 shows a simplified circuit diagram of a monitoring device 100according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Theexemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 4 expands the exemplary embodimentshown in FIG. 1 for acquiring shunts by programmable high-side currentsource IH and programmable current sink IL.

For testing a shunt to ground GND at first supply terminal ZK1+ orsecond supply terminal ZK1−, high-side current source IH is increased,step-by-step, by 250 μA, until the voltage at first supply terminal ZK1+has reached a specified value, for example 15 V. This specified valuerepresents the maximum ignition circuit voltage against control deviceground terminal ECU-GND in the case of ignition with maximum ignitioncircuit resistance and forward bias of a coupling diode. The currentrequired to reach this value is acquired (as long as it is belowapproximately 60 mA) and is determined by 15 V/IH of shunt resistor RN−.

Example:

IH=1 mA@VH=15V; there results: Rn−=15 kΩ.

If what is concerned is a shunt against a voltage, for example 12 V,coupled via a diode, then the voltage at first supply terminal ZK1+jumps, when there is stepwise increasing of the current of high-sidecurrent source IH, by the amount of the shunt voltage (here UN1=12V),and further increases by IH×RN+1. In this case, shunt voltage UN1 andshunt resistance RN+1 are ascertained and are checked for error limits.

To test a shunt to Fahrzeug_Plus (vehicle_plus) at first supply terminalZK1+ or or second supply terminal ZK1−, first the voltage at firstsupply terminal ZK1+ is acquired via voltage divider Teiler_H byanalog-digital converter ADC (ADC_MW1), and subsequently current sink ILis increased step-by-step by 300 μA until the ZK1+ voltage at firstsupply terminal ZK1+ has reached the value of for example 3 V: (thisvalue represents the maximum ground offset between control device groundterminal ECU-GND and chassis GND) with [ADC_MW1−ADC_MW2 (approximately 3V)]/IL (@ZK1+ approximately 3 V)=RN+ shunt resistance RN+2 toFahrzeug_Plus is ascertained. Voltage value ADC_MW1 represents shuntvoltage UN2.

An aspect of the presented ignition circuit monitoring is the use of ahigh (regarded relatively) measurement voltage, a stepped currentincrease, and a flank formation using suitable control devices. Here,specific circuit elements are provided for increasing security andprecision.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a vehicle 520 having apersonal protection device 522 and having a monitoring device 100according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Vehicle500 shown in FIG. 5 has a personal protection device 522 such as anairbag 522 that can be triggered via an ignition circuit 102. Ignitioncircuit 102 can be monitored by monitoring device 100. Here, monitoringdevice 100 can be a variant of a monitoring device 100 shown in thepreceding Figures.

FIG. 6 shows a flow diagram of a method 630 according to an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention. The method for operating a variantof a monitoring device described in FIG. 1 through FIG. 5 includes, inthe exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 6, a step 632 of connection inwhich high-side ignition circuit terminal IGH1 is connected to high-sidecurrent source IH and low-side ignition circuit terminal IGL1 isconnected to a voltage sink terminal VL_lim. In a following step 634 ofactivation, high-side current source IH is activated. In a step 636 ofdetermining, following step 634 of activation, a difference voltagesignal between high-side ignition circuit terminal IGH1 and low-sideignition circuit terminal IGL1 is determined, which in a terminatingstep 638 of ascertaining is used to ascertain an ignition circuitresistance.

Method 630 for operating the monitoring device can be expanded byindividual method steps already presented in the description relating toFIG. 1. This is also partly a function of the variant of the monitoringdevice being controlled. In an exemplary embodiment, method 630 can berealized in digital block 110, or control device 110, shown in FIG. 1through FIG. 4.

The exemplary embodiments described and shown in the Figures have beenselected only as examples. Different exemplary embodiments can becombined with one another in their entirety or with regard to individualfeatures. An exemplary embodiment can also be supplemented with featuresof another exemplary embodiment.

In addition, the method steps presented here can be repeated, or can becarried out in a sequence differing from that described.

If an exemplary embodiment includes an “and/or” linkage between a firstfeature and a second feature, this is to be read as meaning thataccording to a specific embodiment the exemplary embodiment has both thefirst feature and the second feature, and according to a furtherspecific embodiment the exemplary embodiment has either only the firstfeature or only the second feature.

What is claimed is:
 1. A monitoring device for at least one ignitioncircuit for a personal protection device for a vehicle, the at least oneignition circuit designed to activate the personal protection devicewhen at least one of: i) an ignition voltage is present that exceeds avoltage threshold value, and ii) an ignition current is present thatexceeds a current threshold value, the monitoring device comprising: acontrol device; and a voltage source connected via a voltage sourceterminal of the control device, the control device being connected via ahigh-side ignition circuit terminal to a first supply terminal of theignition circuit and via a low-side ignition circuit terminal to asecond supply terminal of the ignition circuit; wherein the monitoringdevice designed such that a no-load voltage of a high-side currentsource of the control device situated between the voltage sourceterminal and the high-side ignition circuit terminal corresponds atleast to the voltage threshold value, the no-load voltage correspondingat least to a maximum ignition voltage of the ignition circuit.
 2. Themonitoring device as recited in claim 1, wherein the no-load voltage ofthe high-side current source is at least 26 V.
 3. The monitoring deviceas recited in claim 1, wherein the no-load voltage of the high-sidecurrent source is at least 30 V.
 4. The monitoring device as recited inclaim 1, wherein the no-load voltage of the high-side current source isat least 42 V.
 5. The monitoring device as recited in claim 1, furthercomprising: a current source control device designed to control atemporal course of a current rise of the high-side current source in thetransition from a first current level to a second current levelcorresponding to a predefined transition shape, the current sourcecontrol device being designed to control the temporal course of thecurrent rise corresponding to a transition shape with a raised cosinecurve.
 6. The monitoring device as recited in claim 1, furthercomprising: a filter device for filtering at least a measurementvoltage, the filter device in including at least one low-pass filter. 7.The monitoring device as recited in claim 1, further comprising: ananalog-digital converter connected via an ADC multiplexer to aninstrument amplifier for measuring a voltage via a low-pass filterbetween the high-side ignition circuit terminal and the low-sideignition circuit terminal for the at least one ignition circuit andbetween an ignition circuit amplifier terminal and an analog groundterminal, or between an offset terminal and the analog ground terminal.8. The monitoring device as recited in claim 1, further comprising: atleast one of; i) a current limiting resistor between the voltage sourceand the voltage source terminal, and ii) a current limiting resistorbetween the ground terminal and a voltage sink terminal.
 9. Themonitoring device as recited in claim 1, further comprising: at leastone of: i) a switchable high-side terminating resistor, and ii) aswitchable low-side terminating resistor.
 10. The monitoring device asrecited in claim 1, further comprising: at least one of: i) a switchablehigh-side terminating resistor situated between an output of a high-sidemultiplexer connected to the high-side current source and a voltage sinkterminal, and ii) a switchable low-side terminating resistor situatedbetween an output of a low-side multiplexer connected to the low-sideignition circuit terminal and the voltage sink terminal.
 11. Themonitoring device as recited in claim 1, further comprising: at leastone of: i) a switchable high-side voltage divider, and ii) a switchablelow-side voltage divider.
 12. The monitoring device as recited in claim1, further comprising: at least one of: i) a switchable high-sidevoltage divider situated between an output of a high-side multiplexerconnected to the high-side current source and an ADC-multiplexerconnected to an analog-digital converter, and ii) a switchable low-sidevoltage divider situated between an output of a low-side multiplexerconnected to the low-side ignition circuit terminal and the ADCmultiplexer.
 13. The monitoring device as recited in claim 1, furthercomprising: a polarity reversal protection diode between and an outputcapacitor of the voltage source in series to the current limitingresistor.
 14. A method for operating a monitoring device for at leastone ignition circuit for a personal protection device for a vehicle, theat least one ignition circuit designed to activate the personalprotection device when at least one of: i) an ignition voltage ispresent that exceeds a voltage threshold value, and ii) an ignitioncurrent is present that exceeds a current threshold value, themonitoring device including a control device, and a voltage sourceconnected via a voltage source terminal of the control device, thecontrol device being connected via a high-side ignition circuit terminalto a first supply terminal of the ignition circuit and via a low-sideignition circuit terminal to a second supply terminal of the ignitioncircuit, wherein the monitoring device designed such that a no-loadvoltage of a high-side current source of the control device situatedbetween the voltage source terminal and the high-side ignition circuitterminal corresponds at least to the voltage threshold value, theno-load voltage corresponding at least to a maximum ignition voltage ofthe ignition circuit, the method comprising: connecting the high-sideignition circuit terminal to the high-side current source, a andconnecting the low-side ignition circuit terminal to a voltage sinkterminal; activating the high-side current source; determining adifference voltage signal between the high-side ignition circuitterminal and the low-side ignition circuit terminal; and ascertaining anignition circuit resistance using the difference voltage signal.
 15. Acontrol device for operating a monitoring device for at least oneignition circuit for a personal protection device for a vehicle, the atleast one ignition circuit designed to activate the personal protectiondevice when at least one of: i) an ignition voltage is present thatexceeds a voltage threshold value, and ii) an ignition current ispresent that exceeds a current threshold value, the monitoring deviceincluding a control device, and a voltage source connected via a voltagesource terminal of the control device, the control device beingconnected via a high-side ignition circuit terminal to a first supplyterminal of the ignition circuit and via a low-side ignition circuitterminal to a second supply terminal of the ignition circuit, whereinthe monitoring device designed such that a no-load voltage of ahigh-side current source of the control device situated between thevoltage source terminal and the high-side ignition circuit terminalcorresponds at least to the voltage threshold value, the no-load voltagecorresponding at least to a maximum ignition voltage of the ignitioncircuit, the control device configured to: connect the high-sideignition circuit terminal to the high-side current source, a and connectthe low-side ignition circuit terminal to a voltage sink terminal;activate the high-side current source; determine a difference voltagesignal between the high-side ignition circuit terminal and the low-sideignition circuit terminal; and ascertain an ignition circuit resistanceusing the difference voltage signal.
 16. A non-transitory computerreadable storage medium on which is stored a computer program foroperating a monitoring device for at least one ignition circuit for apersonal protection device for a vehicle, the at least one ignitioncircuit designed to activate the personal protection device when atleast one of: i) an ignition voltage is present that exceeds a voltagethreshold value, and ii) an ignition current is present that exceeds acurrent threshold value, the monitoring device including a controldevice, and a voltage source connected via a voltage source terminal ofthe control device, the control device being connected via a high-sideignition circuit terminal to a first supply terminal of the ignitioncircuit and via a low-side ignition circuit terminal to a second supplyterminal of the ignition circuit, wherein the monitoring device designedsuch that a no-load voltage of a high-side current source of the controldevice situated between the voltage source terminal and the high-sideignition circuit terminal corresponds at least to the voltage thresholdvalue, the no-load voltage corresponding at least to a maximum ignitionvoltage of the ignition circuit, the computer program, when executed bya computer, causing the computer to perform: connecting the high-sideignition circuit terminal to the high-side current source, a andconnecting the low-side ignition circuit terminal to a voltage sinkterminal; activating the high-side current source; determining adifference voltage signal between the high-side ignition circuitterminal and the low-side ignition circuit terminal; and ascertaining anignition circuit resistance using the difference voltage signal.